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Transitioning from Windows-based to Linux-based Cyber Ranges: Design,Automation,and Educational Impact

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Building on our earlier Windows Active Directory (AD)–based Cyber Range, this paper introduces a Linux-centered counterpart that supports open-source, command-line–focused cybersecurity training. The range is deployed via Infrastructure-as-Code (IaC) on OpenStack, integrates a Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) system based on the ELK stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana), and includes automated vulnerability injection and gamified scoring. A comparative study with university students shows that the Linux environment strengthens operational and analytical skills while maintaining high engagement. Results confirm that the same automated, gamified CR model can be transferred across operating-system paradigms.